在此政策环境下,期刊文献支撑数据的定向存储成为重要的关联服务提供途径。商业数据库对关联服务的参与商业数据库作为传统的科学文献,特别是科学期刊文献的重要存储和提供渠道,逐渐开始重视科学期刊与支撑数据之间的关联服务,其中Elsevier是较早尝试此类服务且较为典型的商业数据库商。......
2023-11-22
期刊文献与科学数据之间的关联服务的实现需要在科学数据和期刊资源的资源描述和组织阶段的具体实现和支撑。
(1)将科学数据作为整体进行描述
科学期刊文献可以篇为单位进行独立个体的区分,与科学期刊文献的关联需要科学数据作为一个类似于文献的可识别、可区分的独立整体来进行描述、组织和存储。将特定研究项目、研究主题的科学数据或者更细粒度划分的科学数据作为一个组织和存储单位,从而赋予科学数据文档以作者、时间、存储位置、唯一识别符等描述元素。在科学数据的封装、描述、组织和存储中,识别符的赋予成为重要一环。科学数据需要与科学期刊文献进行关联,因而需要识别符具有唯一识别性、存储地址的可追溯性、可引用性等功能特征。
(2)设定特定元数据元素
除了行文中用明文表达或者URL链接方式实现科学数据与期刊文章之间关联之外,期刊、科学数据的元数据描述中的操作成为期刊文献与科学数据关联内在的实现途径。通过期刊文献与科学数据相关联的元数据元素的字段设定和取值,实现了在元数据描述层面上期刊文献与科学数据之间的关联,其中既有元数据元素取值上的互相借鉴,又包含了特定元素实现两者之间的定向互联。如Dryad数据仓储在科学数据集的描述元素中设定“dcterms:references/Associated Dryad Publication Record Identifier”元素字段,在出版物的元数据元素中设定“dcterms:isReferencedBy/Associated Dryad Data Package Identifier”元素字段,将出版物与支撑数据之间建立起对应的关联关系[151]。
(3)文献中赋予数据可追溯性标签
在科学期刊文献的行文或存档中,对文中所提及的科学数据或者附加材料中的科学数据赋予可追溯性的“标签”,才可实现期刊文献指向科学数据的链接,既包括URL等链接的添加,也包括DOI等可用于追溯科学数据存储地址的识别符的呈现。Elsevier等商业期刊数据库、以Nature为代表的期刊等,其与科学数据仓储之间的互联通常不是从资源组织的初期阶段实现的,而是通过期刊文章的行文中添加科学数据的URL链接或者在期刊文章的显示界面增加科学数据显示区域等方式来实现的。Elsevier在其网页版文章预览中,无论是“database abbreviation:data identifier”形式的数据描述还是以DOI为切口的数据描述,都可通过URL链接到相应的数据仓储,与此同时,表格、图标形式的数据还提供PPT等三种格式的下载;Nature等期刊通过附加材料的PDF格式以及拓展数据图表和表格的下载链接等形式提供支撑数据的关联下载服务。此外,部分期刊文献以在文中直接呈现的形式,将科学数据以可视化的形式加以提供。如Elsevier的Protein Viewer可以将PDB中的蛋白数据与文章关联,并在文章中以3D形式呈现蛋白数据[152]。
科学数据与期刊文献的关联服务是科学研究持续发展的重要支撑,是关联科学的重要组成部分。当前期刊文献与科学数据之间的关联多以外在形式的关联服务为主,主要通过附加材料添加科学数据、期刊文献中的科学数据追溯、科学数据的文献来源等形式实现。科学数据与期刊文献的关联服务正处于起步阶段,因此欠缺深化的服务形式如在科学数据整合基础上与期刊文献的关联服务等,此外,关联数据等技术在此领域的应用有待深入研究。
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