在风险社会的概念维度下,社会责任是一种“前瞻性责任”,侧重在风险发生之前进行预估,并且能够对症下药避免风险或减轻风险所带来的实体化破坏。作为意见流通的传播渠道,媒介是重要的社会责任主体之一。社交媒体社会责任的尽责对象则是社会公众的公共利益和社会的良性持续发展。社交媒体社会责任的具体内容除去强制性的法律责任以外还应大力倡导、树立并履行其道德责任。......
2023-11-21
在测评网络媒体与社交媒体可信度时,需要将主要的考量维度拆解为更加具体的题项,通过测量各个题项的等级程度来评价整体的可信度水平。
在1959年,由Roper组织进行的一项关于美国公众对各种大众媒体可信度的评估调查中,首次引入了相对测量量表。受访者需要回答这样的问题,“如果你得到了互相冲突的新闻报道,广播、电视、杂志、报纸,你最倾向于相信哪一个?”该评估调查在对比的视野中评价媒体可信度。Carter和Greenberg在1965年提出了量级测量量表,用来测量等级可信度(magnitude credibility),他们需要受访者回答这样的问题,“我们希望你谈一谈对电视新闻可靠性的看法”“如果完全可信是100%,电视新闻的百分比是多少?”
大量研究考察了如何获取可信度测评的多个维度,其中一些研究采用的测量因子是Gaziano和McGrath的多维测量量表[187],其中涉及的因子包括可信性(believability)、理解新闻的程度(understanding of news)、新闻报道的可靠性(reliability of news coverage)、新闻来源的偏好(news source preferences)等。Kiousis提出了不同的影响因素,如事实性(factuality)、财务动机(financial motivation)、隐私(privacy)、社区关注(community concern)和信任(trust)。[188]Hongzhong Zhang等用上述的相对可信度、量级可信度、多维可信度量表测量了中国媒体的可信度。[189]
Meyer在1988年对Gaziano-McGrath的可信度测评量表进行简化,重新确立了可信度测评的五个指标,包括了公平性(fairness)、完整性(completeness)、偏见(bias)、准确性(accuracy)和可靠性(trustworthiness)。后来Fico等人于2004年研究新闻报道结构对新闻机构可信度的影响时也运用了这一量表。Kjerstin Thorson、Emily Vraga和Brian Ekdale(2010)研究新闻语境对信息可信度的影响时,在Meyer的基础上增加了平衡性(balance)这一维度。[190]
McCroskey和Teven从能力(competence)、信誉(goodwill)和可信赖性(trustworthy)三个维度来评估来源可信度,并首创来源可信度量表[191],每一维度用6个独立的七级语义差异型量表来测量。Westerma、Spence、Lachlan等后来的学者也采纳了McCroskey&Teven的来源可信度量表进行测量。[192][193]
Kohring和Matthes的系列研究(1997/2001/2007)发现当受众开始信任新闻时,对新闻媒体的信任评估基于以下四个维度:[194][195][196]主题(topcis)、事实(facts)、描述的准确性(accuracy of depictions)、新闻评估(journalistic assess-ment)。主题指的是受众相信新闻将会关注那些与他们相关的话题和事件;事实是该主题所涉及的事实或背景信息;描述准确性包括该信息是否可以经得起验证,是否能被受众认可;新闻评估指的是所选择的新闻事件或信息本身就代表了一种价值判断。Ann E.Williams从三个方面来测量对媒体的信任,一是对新闻信息的信任(trust of news information),二是对新闻记者的信任(trust of those who deliver the news),三是对媒体公司的信任(trust of media corporations)。[197]
另外,Juliane Urban和Wolfgang Schweiger通过综述前人的研究,发现一些德国研究人员讨论了有关新闻质量的衡量标准,提出了规范新闻质量标准的六个维度:多样性(diversity)、与社会和实际的相关性(relevance)、准确性(accuracy)、可理解性(comprehensibility)、公正性(impartiality)、道德标准(ethics)。[198][199][200]虽然这六个维度衡量的概念范围比较广,但包括了衡量新闻可信度的一些维度,如准确性、公正性以及道德标准,等等。Wolfgang Schweiger在研究受众对新闻质量的评估时就根据这六个维度进行实验设计。[201]
通过文献分析可以发现,西方研究者通常使用以下四个维度进行可信度测评:可相信性(believability)、公平性(fairness)、准确性(accuracy)、深入性(depth of information)。[202][203]Thomas Johnson和Barbara Kaye两位长期致力于研究网络媒体可信度的学者通常使用这四个维度来测量不同媒体的可信度。[204][205][206]Daekyung Kim(2012)在研究博客可信度的影响因素时,也是使用这四个指标来对博客可信度进行评估。[207]Erik P.Bucy(2008)在测评不同渠道可信度时,除了使用以上四个指标外,还加入了信息量(informativeness)这一指标。[208]
Hargittai等提出了一套专门针对网络媒体的可信度测评的体系[209],其指标充分考虑到了网络媒体的基本特性,如信源的模糊、链接的海量等,为后来的网络媒体可信度量表的建构提供了有益的参考。Natalie Jomini Stroud和Jae Kook Lee研究了在线新闻的可信度[210],他们进行了两个实验,分别使用4个十级语义差异量表和5个五级语义差异量表来测量如下指标,如用户对在线新闻的选择、政治知识、对政府的信任程度、政治态度等。
随着社交媒体的蓬勃发展,典型社交媒体的可信度评价进入了研究者的视野。一些学者在测量可信度时,会发展出新的评价指标。Mike Schmierbach和AnneOeldorf-Hirsch(2012)在测评Twitter的可信度时,主要通过来源可信度(source credibility)、信息可信度(message credibility)、问题的重要性(importance)、用户寻求信息的意图(information seeking)以及信息的满意度(information satisfaction)这五个方面来测量用户对推特的信任评估。[211]Mohammad Ofiul Hasnat(2014)使用透明度(transparency)、准确性(accuracy)、公平性(fairness)、中立性(neutrality)和道德规范(ethical codes of conduct)五个维度对芬兰记者进行访谈,以测量社交媒体的可信度。[212]Sungwook Hwang利用了Ohanian的量表[213],从吸引力(attractive)、信誉(trustworthiness)和专业知识(expertise)三个维度考量了Twitter的使用对政治家可信度的影响。[214]2015年,Mihee Kim的研究从内容、来源和作者三个方面来评价媒体的可信度。[215]在内容方面,参与者评价了他们对信息可信度、准确性和深度的看法,以及他们向其他人推荐媒体内容的意愿;在来源和作者方面,参与者需要用7级量表对信息来源和作者的可信程度打分。
综上可知,公正、准确、有深度、符合道德标准、可信赖这几个维度是测评网络媒体和社交媒体可信度时最常用的几个标准。其中,公正、准确、深度、符合道德标准几个维度是从信息本身性质的角度出发而设置的,可信赖这一维度是从用户感知的角度出发的。由于可信度不仅是信息本身的性质,更是受众对信息的一种感知,因此在设置测评指标时,研究者会从这两个角度进行降维,再细化出更具体的考量题项。
另外,西方既有的可信度研究所涉及的国家和地区主要包括美国、中国等。
(1)美国
关于西方网络媒体可信度的研究大多在美国进行,所涉及的领域也最全,研究的内容大体可以分为三类:一是对网络媒体可信度本身进行研究测量,其中包括人们如何进行可信度判断,以及相关假说的检验,如对Twitter、博客、网站等媒体的可信度进行研究,或将其与传统媒体进行对比研究;或对特定网络信息如电子口碑、维基百科进行研究等。二是研究可信度的影响因素,如媒介依赖、自我效能、语境等。三是研究不同的网络媒体可信度产生的作用和影响,包括行为上的影响和观点上的影响,如信任关系、对可信度的看法等。
(2)中国
在国外有关网络媒体和社交媒体可信度的文献中,一些学者的研究在中国进行。如研究中国在线美容社区OnlyLady.com的可信度及其用户间的人际关系,又如通过研究北上广三地的新闻消费现象,发现来源可信度会影响人们对新闻媒介的选择。
(3)其他国家
在涉及芬兰的研究中,Mohammad Ofiul Hasnat对芬兰的职业记者进行访谈,探究他们对社交媒体的可信度评价。德国学者探索了可信度与其他影响因素之间的关系,并发展了进行可信度判断的多维度量表。韩国学者更关注社交媒体以及用户生成内容的可信度及其影响。随着各个国家共同研究的深入,近些年也出现了通过文献研究法来梳理网络新闻可信度发展历程的研究,研究样本包括美国、德国、韩国和中国等国家。
【注释】
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可信度的既有研究常采用文献研究法,通过梳理前人的研究来进行重要概念的界定和测评框架的修正。Iris Rittenhofer通过对1995年到2010年期间国际同行评议的管理和商业期刊发表的文章进行概念审查来研究信任和可信度的使用以及它们与有机食品领域的关系。两项研究来自德国,两项来自韩国,其余11项来自美国。Gillian Moran & Laurent Muzellec在研究电子口碑可信度时运用了文献研究法。查阅的文献包括在顶级期刊中被多次引用的有关口碑可信度的文章。......
2023-11-21
在处理公共危机事件与突发性事件方面,社交媒体需要肩负起义不容辞的责任。在社交媒介的覆盖率达到一定范围、影响力达到一定程度时,它不知不觉就担当起“推销者”的角色,其中所展现的“非现实”生活则通过拟态环境的制造构建了与现实生活相对应行为的意义模式。......
2023-11-21
整体来看,我国媒体公信力的研究历程并不复杂。笔者将按照时序发展和研究进展情况,对我国比较有代表性的研究成果进行梳理,以期对我国媒体公信力测评量表研究有较为清晰的呈现。第二项是巢乃鹏在2012年,以接近CNNIC第26次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告比例的调查样本,在南京市进行的网络媒体公信力测评指标研究,分别从网络媒体传播者、新闻报道、传播渠道三个维度,对网络媒体公信力测评指标进行了分析与建构。......
2023-11-21
故而,抛开过度使用微信的群体而言[1],较少的使用时长能够带来更高的公信力评价。同时发现一个有趣的现象,微信的低度使用者和重度使用者对公信力的两个维度的评分都显著高于高度使用者。尽管微博的低度使用者远多于微信,但二者都是我国目前重要的社交媒体平台,它们呈现出较为一致的媒介使用时长与公信力评价关系。可以看出,视频网站及视频App的使用时长会显著地影响受访者对社交媒体的公信力及影响力维度的评分。......
2023-11-21
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