量表自提出后,吸引了大量的研究者对其信效度进行验证,研究者选取不同群体的被试,采用不同方法证实了该量表良好的心理测量学指标。我国的陈思佚、崔红等人也修订了正念注意觉知量表的中文版,并在大学生样本中考察了信效度指标,邓 等人再次验证了该量表的心理测量学指标,证实了中文版本MAAS的可靠性和有效性。因此,可以用MAAS的反向得分作为走神的指标。......
2023-11-20
有意走神和自发走神分别有状态层面和特质层面两种不同的心理加工水平。在状态层面上,一般通过在实验任务中插入思维探测评估两种走神及其对任务成绩的影响。在特质层面上,对不同走神的测量可采用卡里埃 (Carriere)等人编制的信效度良好的两维度走神量表进行评估,考察两种走神与其他心理特质之间的关系。
两维度走神量表的编制不仅第一次以问卷的形式对两种走神进行测查,这消除了以往研究中大量使用思维探针和自我报告导致研究结果存疑的问题,摆脱了实验室研究中必须有实验背景任务才能使用思维探针测查走神的缺陷,还能够对人们的走神情况进行大规模测查。以往的关于走神的问卷多集中于对走神内容、导致的行为失误的调查,尽管有对两种走神的不同描述,但在结果中也未进行后续统计和分析。目前,研究者认同有意走神和自发走神的存在,在实验室中对两种走神也进行了大量研究,但实验室内的研究多从状态水平进行考察,即使是在实际的课堂研究中,也采用思维探针的方式对两种走神进行研究。因此,两维度走神量表作为一个可靠的结构化工具可以在特质水平上对走神进行大规模测查,以丰富走神的研究成果。
然而,有意走神和自发走神量表作为一个英文量表,尚未被研究者在中国文化背景下就其因素结构予以探讨。所以,笔者对有意走神和自发走神量表进行了中文翻译和修订,并在小学高年级学生中考察其信度和效度,可以为国内研究者开展相关研究工作提供有效的工具支持。
(一)研究方法
1.研究对象
采用方便取样的方法,由经过专门培训的心理学专业本科生和研究生作为主试,对北京市5所小学四年级到六年级学生进行班级集体施测,剔除信息不完整、规律作答和缺失值较多的被试数据后,回收有效量表共1047份,有效率为92.3%。其中,男生557人、女生490人,平均年龄为11.20±0.97岁;四年级423人,男生225人、女生198人,平均年龄为10.29±0.46岁;五年级314人,男生170人、女生144人,平均年龄为11.32±0.49岁;六年级310人,男生162人、女生148人,平均年龄为12.33±0.49岁。正式施测6个月后,选取146名被试进行重测,男生77人、女生69人,平均年龄为11.22±0.96岁。
2.研究工具
(1)有意走神和自发走神量表 (Mind Wandering:Deliberate and Spontaneous Mind Wandering Scales)。由塞利 (Seli) 和卡里埃 (Carriere)等人于2013年编制,包括有意走神 (MW-D)和自发走神 (MW-S)两个维度,每个维度有4道题目,共8道题目,题目混合呈现,采用7点计分。其中,MW-D和MW-S维度中的第1、2、4题让被试从 “1=很少”到 “7=总是”的范围中选择最合适的程度;MW-D的第3题需要被试从 “1=完全不同意”到 “7=完全同意”中选择最合适的程度;MW-S的第3题要求被试从 “1=几乎不是”到 “7=几乎总是”中选择最合适的程度。在量表中得分越高,表明个体相应的走神程度越高。
中文版的有意走神和自发走神量表以回译的过程进行。首先由两名英语水平优秀的心理学专业研究生独立将英文版量表翻译为中文,之后由一名该领域的心理学专业教授进行校正并提出修改意见;然后再由另外两名心理学专业研究生将中文版翻译为英文,并且与原版进行比对和修改,通过反复的翻译与回译使条目表达清晰易懂,既不违背英文原义,又符合小学阶段的中文表达习惯。经过预测后,根据被试反馈及题目作答情况,由研究团队对其中一些题目的表达作适当调整,如将第1题 “故意地”改为 “有意识地”,第4题中 “不由自主地”改为 “不自觉地”,从而确定最终的量表内容。
(2)注意相关认知错误量表 (Attention-Related Cognitive Errors,ARCES)。由切恩 (Cheyne)等人于2006年编制,共12道题目,单维度结构,采用5点计分,“1”代表 “从不”,“5”代表 “总是”。得分越高,说明发生注意相关认知错误的频率越高。中文版ARCES具有良好的信效度。本研究中该量表的内部一致性α系数为0.88。
(3) 正念注意觉知量表 (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale,MAAS)。由布朗 (Brown)和里安 (Ryan)于2003年编制,共15道题目,单维度结构,采用6点计分,“1”代表 “几乎总是”,“6”代表 “几乎从不”。得分越高,表明个体对当下经验保持觉知和专注的能力越高,也就是说个体的走神倾向性越低。中文版MAAS具有良好的信效度。本研究中的MAAS采用反向计分,即 “1”代表 “几乎从不”,“6”代表 “几乎总是”,得分越高,表明个体的走神倾向越高。在本研究中,该量表的内部一致性α系数为0.82。
(4) 走神问卷 (Mind-Wandering Questionnaire,MWQ)。 由姆拉泽克 (Mrazek)等人于2013年编制,共5道题目,单维度结构,采用6点计分,“1”代表 “从不”,“6”代表 “总是”。分数越高表示个体的走神倾向越高。中文版MWQ具有良好的信效度。本研究中该量表的内部一致性α系数为0.72。
(二)统计与结果
使用SPSS 19.0进行描述性分析、相关分析及独立样本t检验等;Mplus 7.0进行验证性因素分析。
1.项目分析
对量表的总分按高低排序,得分最高的27%被试组成高分组,得分最低的27%被试组成低分组,然后对两组被试在每个题目上的得分进行独立样本t检验。结果发现,两组被试在每个题目上的得分均差异显著 (p<0.001)。对每个题目的得分与总分进行相关分析,结果显示,相关系数在0.40到0.73之间,而且均在0.01水平上显著。项目分析的结果见表3-1。
表3-1 高低分组差异t检验、题总相关情况
续表
注:*代表 p<0.05;**代表 p<0.01;***代表 p<0.001,下同。N=1047。
2.结构效度
首先根据原始量表的因子结构为量表设定两因子模型进行验证性因素分析,以考察原始量表结构是否适用于中文版。原始因子结构如下:①有意走神:1、2、3、7;②自发走神:4、5、6、8。以最大似然法对8个题目进行验证性因素分析,检验两因素模型的拟合情况。结果显示:x2=107.010,df=13,RMSEA=0.08,CFI=0.941,TLI=0.905,SRMR=0.05,模型拟合结果相对较好。这表明原始量表的两因子结构对中文版量表同样适用,因此接受原始量表的两因子模型。各题目载荷具体结果见表3-2。
表3-2 有意走神和自发走神量表中文版各题目载荷
注:MW-D代表有意走神维度;MW-S代表自发走神维度。
3.效标效度
以ARCES、MAAS以及MWQ为校标,分别与MW总分以及各维度得分作相关分析,结果发现:MW总分以及各维度得分与ARCES、MAAS以及MWQ均呈显著正相关,具体结果见表3-3。
表3-3 量表总分及各维度与校标间的相关
注:MW代表量表总分;MW-D代表有意走神维度得分;MW-S代表自发走神维度得分。
4.信度分析
MW的Cronbachα系数为0.77,MW-D和MW-S两维度的Cronbachα系数分别为0.73、0.69。间隔6个月之后的重测数据表明,MW、MW-D及MW-S前后两次得分的相关系数在0.55到0.71之间,而且均在0.01水平上显著。具体结果见表3-4。
表3-4 中文版有意走神和自发走神量表的内部一致性信度和重测信度
5.描述统计
MW的平均值与标准差为33.08±10.67,MW-D维度的平均值与标准差为19.72±6.44,MW-S维度的平均值与标准差为13.36±6.27。其中,在MW及MW-D维度上,平均分数不存在性别差异,在MW-S维度的平均分数上,男生得分显著高于女生,具体结果见表3-5。
表3-5 MW、MW-D及MW-S的描述统计分析
(三)讨论
研究对有意走神和自发走神量表进行了中文版翻译及其信效度检验。首先,对量表的项目分析显示:每个题目得分与量表总分间均存在显著正相关,且每个题目的高分组和低分组之间也存在显著差异,表明量表具备良好的项目质量。对量表的8个题目进行验证性因素分析后研究者发现,两因子的模型拟合指数较理想,说明原始题目结构在中国文化背景中适应性良好。因此,中文版量表保留了原始量表的两维结构。
研究采用ARCES量表、MAAS量表以及MWQ量表作为校标工具。其中,ARCES量表通过测评日常生活中的错误行为间接地评估走神频率。MAAS量表的编制最初用来评估特质正念水平,即注意的持续性,因此有研究者认为可以用MAAS的反向计分评估走神倾向,并且该量表在走神相关领域得到了广泛使用。MWQ量表是直接测量与任务无关思维 (走神)特质水平的工具。校标关联效度分析结果表明,有意走神和自发走神量表与ARCES、MAAS以及MWQ之间均呈显著正相关。并且信度检验的结果显示,总量表及两维度的信度指标都符合心理测量学要求,说明有意走神和自发走神量表中文版具有良好的信效度,可以在中国文化背景下使用。
目前,各方面的证据表明,自发走神和有意走神的确具有不同的功效。马库森-克拉维茨 (Marcusson-Clavertz)和谢尔(Kjell)使用塞利 (Seli)编制的自发走神和有意走神问卷进行的研究发现,自发走神可以单独预测一般的焦虑症,而有意走神则可以单独预测大五人格中的开放性。[84]还有研究发现,低工作记忆个体的高走神主要是由自发走神驱动的,而低任务动机、低警觉性和低满意度则与高有意走神有关。[85]宙利厄斯(Zedelius)等人认为,不同走神行为功能上的差异可能与不同走神的内容有关:有意走神时思维受元意识监控,个体能控制自己的思维内容,这时人们倾向于参与自己喜欢或具有积极性、建设性的内容,因此对自身发展有利;而自发走神是无目的、不受控制的,更多与入侵性的消极思维有关,因此产生消极的行为功能。[86]这一观点得到了相关研究的支持。比如,有研究发现,相比于自发走神,有意走神时更倾向于未来取向的内容,[87]而未来取向的走神有利于情绪改善,[88]提升幸福感。此外,未来倾向的走神能增强个体对未来奖励的敏感度,促进个体面向未来的决策进而调整行为,例如,放弃眼前奖励获得延迟满足。[89]因此,我们在研究和实践中都应当考虑到走神的不同结构及相应影响作用。
【注释】
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