历史侦探：揭开热销西洋镜

上一章提到，1896年10月孙中山在伦敦被清朝驻英国公使馆幽禁起来了，是为著名的伦敦蒙难。

若非本侦探曾在孙中山伦敦蒙难这问题上，做过几十年的中西档案钻研和实地调查，并在大量坚实的证据基础上得出1896年10月11日孙中山被绑架进入清朝驻英国伦敦公使馆这个结论[1]，恐怕无法拆穿一副非常畅销的“西洋镜”——它是斯特林·西格雷夫（Sterling Seagrave）所著的《宋家王朝》的有关部分。[2]

此“西洋镜”的全部魅力，建筑在西格雷夫先入为主地一口咬定孙中山之伦敦蒙难，完全是由于他傻乎乎地自投罗网所致。西格雷夫并以此观点为基石，一层一层地建筑了一幢四层高的楼房。第一层声称孙中山之被幽禁起来，绝对是咎由自取。第二层进而斥责孙中山在其《伦敦蒙难》一书中颠倒黑白，把其愚蠢地自投罗网说成是无辜地遭到坑蒙拐骗。第三层连篇累牍地责骂孙中山下流，误导了一批又一批的热血青年走向造反，结果尸横遍野、血流成河。第四层则说，由于孙中山不断地误打误撞，结果不但能够苟延残喘地活下来，而且被神化了：水鬼升城隍。

真是奇文共欣赏，谨将此“西洋镜”的有关部分转录并翻译如下，并在每一段的文末，由本侦探笺注。本来，西格雷夫的信口雌黄，原不值一哂，问题是他的书在西方畅销之极，版本无数，结果家喻户晓，就不能不严肃处理了。因为，美国盎格鲁·撒克逊文明的精英西格雷夫，如此这般地砌词构陷华夏文明的民族英雄孙中山，正是下一场可发生的文明交战的先声。作为华夏儿女的本侦探，岂能袖手旁观？

图61.1-4　众多版本的《宋家王朝》

在其大作第82页中，西格雷夫写道：

He believed that his disguise was so effective that nobody at the legation wouldrecognise him.He could walk right in and chat，and stroll out again w ithout anyone's being the w iser...Coolly，Sun discussed the instability of the Manchu regime.[他认为他乔装打扮得如此天衣无缝，他相信公使馆内没有任何人会认出他，他可以大摇大摆地进出公使馆，视该馆职员如无物……若无其事地，孙逸仙向该馆职员述说清朝如何不稳定。]

本侦探不禁要问：西格雷夫在现场目睹孙中山这番表演吗？若非，何来此言之凿凿？西格雷夫在把他的幻想小说冒充成历史？

在其大作第82页中，西格雷夫接着写道：

By Sunday night Cantlie was desperate.Neither the Foreign Office nor Scotland Yard had taken any action.He rushed to the Times and gave the story to their editors.But the Monday edition made no mention of Sun.The editors had chosen to be discreet until the government decided on a proper course of action.The editors of the Globe were less concerned about diplomatic protocol.When they got w ind of the story，they ran a special edition.Reporters descended on the legation，and one warned translator Teng that if Sun was not released immediately there would be an angry mob outside by morning.[到了星期日晚上，康德黎发急了，因为外交部与伦敦警察总部都毫无意思采取任何行动。于是他连夜跑去《泰晤士报》编辑部，但是该报在翌晨的新闻中竟然只字没提孙逸仙，因为该报不愿意抢在政府前头作出任何举动。倒是《环球报》甚为进取，闻风即马上出版号外，导致记者们蜂拥到公使馆，其中一名记者甚至警告邓廷铿说：若不马上释放孙逸仙，翌晨将有大批愤怒的群众把大使馆包围得水泄不通。]

此段抄袭自孙中山的英文原著《伦敦蒙难记》，既然西格雷夫认为此书不可靠，竟然又大肆抄袭它，显然是自打嘴巴。

Indeed，by dawn the story was in every London paper and the public clamor was deafening in Sun's behalf.The Foreign Office，moved to action，issued an ultimatum to Macartney.A t 4.30 P.M.October 23，twelve days after Sun's capture，Scotland Yard Chief Inspector Jarvis arrived at the legation w ith Dr.Cantlie and a Queen's home messenger sent by the Foreign Office to claim the hostage.[果然翌晨所有伦敦的各大报章都大事报道其事，公众强烈要求释放孙逸仙的喊声震耳欲聋。不得已外交部向马格理发出最后通牒。结果在10月23日下午四时三十分，即孙逸仙被擒之后十二天，苏格兰场的乔佛斯探长（Inspector Jarvis）在康德黎医生和一名外交部派遣的皇家陛下信使的陪同下，到公使馆领人。]

此段同样是抄袭自孙中山的《伦敦蒙难记》，既然西格雷夫认为此书不可靠，竟然一而再地大肆抄袭它，确实是二打嘴巴。

As spectators and new smen swarmed around the entrance，Dr.Sun was brought out and driven away in a hansom to Scotland Yard，a free man.[由于围观的群众和蜂拥而至的记者把公使馆的大门拥挤得水泄不通，孙医生从后门被带出公使馆，继而被安排坐进一部出租马车直奔苏格兰场。他重获自由了。]

此段又是抄袭自孙中山的《伦敦蒙难记》，既然西格雷夫认为此书不可靠，竟然又一而再、再而三地大肆抄袭它，是三打嘴巴。

Once again，a ludicrous blunder had catapulted Dr.Sun into prom inence.He was now world famous.Journalists demanded interviews.[又是一次冒失的误打误撞，使孙逸仙的知名度暴升。现在他成了世界名人。记者争先恐后地采访他。]

此时的孙逸仙，确实是知名度暴升，确实是成了世界名人，确实是记者争先恐后地采访的对象。但难道这一切皆由于孙逸仙误打误撞所致，而不是公使馆的职员视英国法律如无物、公然在伦敦街头进行坑蒙拐骗的结果？且看负责调查此案的英国政府代表律师的判断如何？他判断孙逸仙确实是如其所言，被公使馆坑蒙拐骗进入公使馆的。

西格雷夫在其大作第83—84页中写道：

Sun enjoyed the celebrity.He hid the fact that he had brought the affair on his own head，andglamorized his role by claim ing that he had been tricked and captured.His memoir，which was a clever exercise in thimble-rigging，was published in England under the title Kidnapped in London.Sun Yat-sen became a household name.Copies of the book were reprinted and distributed in China w ith great glee by Charlie Soong and his friends.[孙逸仙春风得意，他当然绝口不提他曾自投罗网那么愚蠢，反而口口声声地说遭到坑蒙拐骗。他那弄虚作假的《伦敦蒙难记》，成为家喻户晓。宋嘉树等人如获至宝，在中国将其翻印并广为散发。]

孙逸仙重获自由，当然春风得意。当然绝口不提他曾自投罗网，因为他并没有自投罗网。当然口口声声地说曾遭到坑蒙拐骗，因为实情如此，为何不言之凿凿？他在《伦敦蒙难记》中当然没有弄虚作假，所以才成为家喻户晓。宋嘉树等人并没有把《伦敦蒙难记》翻印，当时在中国的华人，有多少能看懂英语？实情是，宫崎滔天首先把《伦敦蒙难记》翻译成日文，在日本的报章上连载。后来再由章士钊（笔名黄中黄）自日文节译为汉语。西格雷夫连这基本的历史知识也不懂，就“想当然”地一口咬定宋嘉树把《伦敦蒙难记》的英文原著大量翻印。

Given Dr.Sun's propensity for disaster，we m ight be forgiven for wondering how he maintained his hold on his followers.What was his magic？In retrospect，w ith the advantage of hindsight and the collection of information over the years by many scholars，Sun's adventures take on a picaresque folly that would endear him to Viennese fans of opéra bouffe.This wasnot apparent in Sun's day.The participants were too close to events.Revolutionary passion lent a terrible drama to each horrific setback.It was not possible to recognize the com ic proportions of a fiasco when it resulted in gruesome beheadings，mutilations，and slow strangulation.Sun's pitfalls were not com ic opera so much as grand guignol，taken w ith deadly seriousness by the participants，if not by all the audience.（The British Foreign Office did not take him very seriously.）[孙逸仙总是那么冒失，总是那么无能，何来拥趸？——受惠于事后聪明与众多学者的辛苦劳动，可知孙逸仙无赖般赤膊上阵，虽然愚蠢不堪，却能赢得那些爱看滑稽歌剧的维也纳观众般的欢心。孙逸仙在生之时，这一点并不明显。因为参加革命的人全是当局者迷，看不清。革命热情冲昏了不少人的脑袋，使得他们视惨重的损失如戏剧人生，使得他们对待每一次造反失败所带来的极刑诸如斩首、凌迟、勒死等，犹如儿戏。孙逸仙最易犯的毛病并非滑稽剧而是恐怖剧：参与的人全情投入！观众可不上当（英国外交部就从来不把他当做一回事）。]

“欲加之罪，何患无辞”，看来西格雷夫是个中能手。

A lso，there were many conspirators involved，and Sun only appears to blame when his case is seen in isolation.He was unquestionably gifted.He was an impassioned orator，able to illum inate the cause he championed，and to inspire to action those who m ight otherw ise have wasted their energy and ardor in drunken conspiratorial discussions，where most revolutions are stillborn.If he was in some respects superficial，it m ight have been this quality alone that kept him alive while other，better revolutionaries were being murdered.There was a great deal of carnage going on.Many firebrands and plotters died grisly deaths.Perhaps there were among them men and women of much greater nobility than Sun，but they were too engaged to last.Sun's quirks kept him slightly disengaged，so Sun always survived.[孙逸仙有不少同谋者。因此，只有孙逸仙单独行事的时候，他的愚蠢，才暴露无遗。无可置疑地，他甚富才华。他天赋口才，能清晰地阐明他的目标。他能鼓动那些本来只会纸上谈兵的、借酒消愁的有志之士采取激烈行动。若孙逸仙显得肤浅的话，正是他的肤浅让他能够苟延残喘，而比他卓越的革命家都相继被杀。尸横遍野，血流成河之际：不少热血青年及谋反者被杀害了，他们当中不少人的气节比孙逸仙高尚得多。正因为他们认真，所以一个一个地倒下去；正因为孙逸仙惯于马马虎虎，得过且过，所以总是活下来。]

孙中山确实甚具才华，确实天赋口才，确实能清晰地阐明他的目标。但是，孙中山的同志当中，具体哪些人是只会纸上谈兵、借酒消愁的有志之士？哪些是相继被杀的卓越革命家？何时尸横遍野？哪处血流成河？由于西格雷夫无法列举具体例子，世人必须视他为捕风捉影的高手。

Those who also survive also rew rite.History is constantly falsified，creating a perpetual struggle between propaganda and fact.Thus Sun's narrative of the kidnapping in London was heroic，mythic propaganda，and became the gospel.Many years later，after his death，a systematic program of deification raised his image to godlike stature.In the end Sun's true art was levitation，and his leadership endured，like that of some famous leaders，simply because he survived while all around him were dying.He had the intuition of Don Giovanni-to sense when it is time to leave by the balcony.He was，in a word，China's first modern politician.[像孙逸仙一样活下来的人，就改写历史。历史在不断地被虚构，宣传与事实不断地斗争。孙逸仙自述的伦敦蒙难，其实是虚构的、歌颂英雄式的宣传，却变成不破的真理。他去世多年以后，就被有系统地神化了。他之能够变成高高在上，永垂不朽的领导人，正因为他的同志们通通倒下去了，只有他苟延残喘下来，像一些著名的领导人一样。他有着唐·乔凡尼（Don Giovanni）[3]般的灵感，他知道何时离开骑楼。一言蔽之，他是中国首名政客。]

孙中山逝世后被国民党神化，那是党外中西历史工作者长期实证研究而得到的共识。至于《伦敦蒙难记》是否为了歌颂英雄而故意虚构，则西格雷夫没有做过有关调研，却装做权威般发言，能不贻笑大方！西格雷夫可知道，本侦探已经查明《伦敦蒙难记》英文原著的枪手是孙中山的恩师康德黎医生〔后来被英王册封为爵士〕。西格雷夫说此书“其实是虚构的、歌颂英雄式的宣传”，是否指责康德黎爵士一直在说谎？

Free to come and go as he pleased，Sun spent the next six months readingin the British Museum Library，making such provocative friends as the revolutionary Felix Volkhovsky，editor of the journal Free Russia.[重获自由之后的六个月，孙逸仙在大英博物馆中的图书馆阅读刊物，广交惹是生非的朋友诸如《自由俄国》杂志的编辑、造反者伏尔霍夫斯基（Felix Volkhovsky）。]

西格雷夫在上文说孙中山在10月23日获释，下文说孙中山在1897年7月离开英国。所以，孙中山有超过八个月的时间，而非六个月，在大英博物馆读书及结交朋友。西格雷夫连基本的算术也不会。

A t long last，in July 1897，Dr.Sun turned his back on London and sailed for Japan，which was to be his base for operations for the next few years.He was welcomed there by a group of powerful Japanese political ronin-energetic and dangerous men who would have been samurai in medieval Japan but now were freelance adventurers.These were impassioned men of the cut who founded the superpatriotic Black Dragon Society a few years later and thrust Japan into its headlong Asian m ilitary adventure.They became Sun's protectors，sponsors，and fellow conspirators.They saw him not only as a way to topple China's imperial government but，more important，as a means of expelling the Western powers from East Asia.The heady vision of Japan as the leader of a pan Asian renaissance consumed them.Among these influential Japanese were Sugarawa Den，Miyazaki Torazo，Inukai Ki，Okuma Shigenobu and Soejima Taneom i.[1897年7月，孙逸仙终于背弃了伦敦而前往日本。此后数年，他以日本为根据地。一批足以左右大局的政治浪人欢迎他的到来：他们是充满活力的危险人物。在中古时代的日本，他们很可能就成为武士；现在他们是各自为战的冒险者。数年之后他们成立那疯狂地盲目爱国的黑龙会，把日本投进亚洲的军事冒险。他们成为孙逸仙的包庇人、赞助人、同谋者。他们视孙逸仙为他们推翻清朝政府的工具；更重要的是，他们视孙逸仙为他们驱逐西方列强离开亚洲的工具。他们被一种幻想天天火烧心肝：他们幻想着日本领导亚洲复兴。他们之中有深具影响力的头山满、宫崎滔天、犬养毅……]

按：“背弃”（turn his back on）是贬义词。“背弃了伦敦”，是骂孙逸仙忘恩负义，背弃了曾拯救他性命的伦敦上下的盎格鲁·撒克逊民族，去投靠日本那些矢志把西洋人驱逐出亚洲的东洋人。西格雷夫此言，把他那种不可一世的白人优越感暴露无遗。

During the next eight years，Sun orchestrated several more unsuccessful revolts.He was now excluded from British Hong Kong as well as from the Chinese mainland，so he had to work through secret political agents from a distance.He was establishing revolutionary cells in each Chinese city and building his party organization.Charlie Soong kept all the financial records and membership rolls，invested every cent that came in to enlarge party coffers，and held regular planning meetings w ith other leaders at his printing press on Shantung Road.He was not the primary organizer，but one of the handful of leaders forming the inner circle.Their campaign depended heavily on the circulation of revolutionary literature produced secretly at his Sino-American Press.[在接下来的八年里，孙逸仙发动了多次徒劳无功的叛变。英国殖民地香港与中国内地都驱逐他出境。他只能通过他的秘密人员进行颠覆活动。他在中国的每一个城市都建立了他的党委。宋嘉树为他管理所有账目，为他投资捐来的款项，为他保存党员名册，在他位于上海山东路的印刷厂召开秘密会议。宋嘉树不是主要的组织者，却是少数的圈内人士。他们的战略依重于他在其“中美印刷厂”印刷的革命宣传品。]

1897年之后的八年，即1897年到1905年之内的八年。在这八年里，孙中山的主要活动对象还是广东，何来“在中国的每一个城市都建立了他的党委”哪怕同盟会在1905年成立了，有了大批来自长江流域的留日学生参加孙中山的革命队伍，仍然谈不上“在中国的每一个城市都建立了他的党委”！至于“宋嘉树为他管理所有账目，为他投资捐来的款项，为他保存党员名册”云云，不知西格雷夫所据为何？不！他可能看过一条史料，那就是“孙大炮”所说的：“我们在每一个省份都有分会。”[4]本侦探已经查出这是孙中山“完全是无中生有的幻想！”[5]西格雷夫把“每一个省份”夸大为“每一个城市”，就是更为完全彻底的无中生有。

问题出于西格雷夫本人没有做过基础调研，而是东抄西袭别人的著作，专门挑选符合他世界观的东西来尽情发挥。他之坚称孙中山在伦敦是自投罗网，其实是抄袭了史扶邻（Harold Z.Schiffrin）教授之说。[6]西格雷夫可不知道，本侦探有关孙中山伦敦蒙难的英文原著出版后，史扶邻教授泱泱大度地承认自己过去搞错了[7]，只有西格雷夫仍然在那里“嗡嗡叫”而已。

总之，西格雷夫无中生有之处，叹为观止。但他的书在西方却非常畅销，为何如此？若此异象反映了当前盎格鲁·撒克逊民族的某些精英对华夏文明的态度，则华夏儿女又该作何反思？对未来可能发生的文明交战，又应该做哪些自我完善的工夫？

[1]见本侦探的英文原著The Origins of an Heroic Image，Sun Yatsen in London，1896-1897（Oxford University Press，1986）。该书出版后，西方学术界反应良好，相关的书评都肯定本侦探的结论。中文繁体字增订本见《孙逸仙伦敦蒙难真相：从未披露的史实》（台北：联经出版事业公司，1998），简体字增订本见上海：上海书店出版社2004年的版本。中文本出版后，相关的书评亦佳。总的来说，中西学术界皆肯定本侦探的结论。

[2]Sterling Seagrave，The Soong Dynasty（New York：HarperPerennial，March 1986）.

[3]按《唐·乔凡尼》乃莫扎特的著名歌剧。

[4]Anon，“Sun Yat Sen-Tells the Story of His First Revolt Against the Chinese Dynasty”，Daily Chronicle（London），14 October 1911，p.cols.4-5：at col.4.

[5]详见本书题为“论‘孙大炮’最‘大炮’的‘大炮’”的第六十章。

[6]见Harold Z.Schiffrin，Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution（Berkeley：University of California Press，1968）。

[7]见其刊于Journal of Asian and African Studies，24.1-2：pp.144-146的书评。