【摘要】:祖母绿在宝石学中地位特殊,其艳丽的绿色代表美丽、纯正、浓郁和光亮,被誉为“绿宝石之王”。哥伦比亚祖母绿大小矿井有近200多个,主要集中在安第斯山脉东区。哥伦比亚祖母绿大多产于白垩系的炭质页岩中。姆佐祖母绿矿位于安第斯山脉东区,在首都波哥大以北约50千米,是晚于契沃尔矿几年被发现的哥伦比亚最大的祖母绿矿。1537年后,由西班牙殖民者控制,于是挖出的祖母绿被运往欧洲等地交易。
Emerald
祖母绿名称起源于古波斯语ZUMURUD,意为“绿色宝石之王”,中文名称用其译音“祖母绿”,被宝石界指定为自然界最美好的季节五月份的生辰石。祖母绿的颜色为一种略带一点黄色调与蓝色调的青翠的中深绿色。其绿色来自氧化铬的侵入,浓绿者含量可达0.5%~0.6%。祖母绿晶体一般都有瑕疵,非常明显,通常肉眼可见,色浓又纯净者十分罕见,且非常珍贵。
·塔吉克斯坦祖母绿
Emerald is an intensely green, chromiumbearing variety of beryl. The name “emerald”refers not only to the gemstone but also to a color, specifically an intense bright green that has a faint yellowish or bluish cast.
Major sources are Colombia、 Brazil、 Zambia、Zimbabwe、 Tanzania、 Russia、 Afghanistan、Australia、 China.
祖母绿在矿物中属绿柱石,为绿柱石含铬的变种。六方晶系,晶体常见发育良好的六方柱状。玻璃光泽,透明至不透明。颜色主要有浅至深绿色、黄绿色和蓝绿色。祖母绿在宝石学中地位特殊,其艳丽的绿色代表美丽、纯正、浓郁和光亮,被誉为“绿宝石之王”。
世界上出产祖母绿的地方颇多。当今最主要的产地是哥伦比亚、巴西和赞比亚,其他还有俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦、津巴布韦、坦桑尼亚、巴基斯坦和中国等。
(Colombia Emerald)哥伦比亚祖母绿
哥伦比亚出产世界最优质的祖母绿。几个世纪以来,一直占据全球祖母绿市场供应量的60%以上。哥伦比亚祖母绿大小矿井有近200多个,主要集中在安第斯山脉东区。姆佐矿和契沃尔矿是哥伦比亚两个最主要的矿山。其他还有考斯韦茨矿、伽沙拉矿(Gachala)和玛长诺矿(Macanal)。哥伦比亚祖母绿大多产于白垩系的炭质页岩中。颜色呈鲜艳的翠绿色,略带一丝黄色或蓝色调。祖母绿通常长在变质片岩中,大多具有丰富的内含物,通常肉眼可见。三相包体内含物是哥伦比亚祖母绿的产地特征,即固体、液体和气体同时共存于同一内含物中,呈分叉状、剑状和锯齿状。
Colombia is the world’s leading producer of emeralds, having the largestquantity and highest-quality of emeralds in the world. There are nearly 200 known emerald deposits in the Cordillera Oriental, a branch of the Colombia Andes. The main deposits are: Muzo, Coscuez, Chivor, Gachala and Macanal.Solid、 liquid、 gas three-phase inclusions are typical characteristic of Colombia emerald. (Page 72)
姆佐祖母绿(Muzo Emerald)
姆佐以出产顶级祖母绿而闻名全球。姆佐祖母绿矿位于安第斯山脉东区,在首都波哥大以北约50千米,是晚于契沃尔矿几年被发现的哥伦比亚最大的祖母绿矿。姆佐出产的祖母绿通常呈鲜艳的翠绿色,略带一丝黄色调,具有柔和的绒质感,被市场公认为是祖母绿中最纯正美丽的颜色。
Colombia’s Muzo district encompasses several mines, two of which—Muzo and Coscuez—are major producers. Muzo is the largest emerald mine in Colombia and the most important emerald mine in the world. Muzo emerald is considered the finest color of emerald which is vivid yellowish green in medium to dark tone.
(Chivor Emerald)契沃尔祖母绿
契沃尔祖母绿矿是哥伦比亚最早发现的祖母绿矿,位于首都波哥大东北面约40千米的安第斯山脉。1537年前,由当地原住民开采,挖出的祖母绿一般都作为装饰佩戴或作为祭品和礼品,也有少量运往墨西哥等地买卖或换取黄金。1537年后,由西班牙殖民者控制,于是挖出的祖母绿被运往欧洲等地交易。契沃尔矿开采权在不同时期多次易主,1981年后,开采权又一次易主。
·黄铁矿上的契沃尔祖母绿
Chivor emerald mine, the earliest known and the second biggest emerald mine in Colombia, is located in eastern Andes, 25 miles away from the capital Bogota. Before 1537, the natives used its emeralds for wear jewelry, sacrificial oblation jewelry and gifts. Later,Spanish colonists controlled the mine and shipped the emeralds to Europe for trade. Chivor emeralds tend to be a bluer green and to contain fewer inclusions than Muzo emeralds. Chivor emeralds contain pyrite crystal inclusions set them apart from Muzo emeralds.
·契沃尔祖母绿矿
·契沃尔祖母绿矿区
契沃尔出产的祖母绿大多绿色中带有蓝色调,但与姆佐祖母绿相比瑕疵较少,宝石中有时能发现晶形完整的黄铁矿内含物,一般黄铁矿内含物不会在姆佐祖母绿中出现。
Chivor emeralds contain pyrite crystal inclusions,while Muzo emeralds do not.
·契沃尔祖母绿中的黄铁矿内含物
(Coscuez Emerald)考斯科韦茨祖母绿
在姆佐地区其实有好多个祖母绿矿,其中最主要的是姆佐矿和考斯科韦茨矿。考斯科韦茨矿距离姆佐矿10千米,属同一矿脉,但规模比姆佐矿小。所产祖母绿与姆佐祖母绿相同,但是色调与色泽的范围较大。当今考斯科韦茨矿已经逐渐成为哥伦比亚第二大祖母绿产地。当今市场上不少称谓姆佐祖母绿的,其实很多都出自考斯科韦茨矿。
Emeralds from the Coscuez mine are similar to those from the Muzo mine in their physical properties, but they occur in a broader range of hue and saturation. Muzo emeralds are so famous that emeralds from the Coscuez mine are sometimes falsely labeled as Muzo emeralds.
·考斯科维茨祖母绿晶体
·考斯科维茨祖母绿矿区
达碧兹祖母绿(Trapiche Emerald)
达碧兹祖母绿是一种特殊类型的哥伦比亚祖母绿。达碧兹祖母绿是一整个单晶,由柱状核心向柱面伸展出六条色带。色带由碳质物和钠长石组成的微小云雾状内含物构成,是其本身的组织结构形成的现象,而非星光效应。
优质达碧兹祖母绿十分稀有,价格不菲。
·达碧兹祖母绿晶体
·达碧兹祖母绿由柱状核心向柱面伸展出六条色带
Trapiche emerald is a type of emerald with a hexagonal core and six trapezohedral sections separated by six radiating spokes of dark impurities. It is made up of a single crystal in which the core grows first while the faces and edges of the shell grow later at different rates. The faster speed at which the faces grow causes lutite to be pushed in from the edges towards the center of the crystal. Trapiche is the rarest type of emerald.
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