首页 理论教育PISA测评启示:阅读素养规律、发展探究

PISA测评启示:阅读素养规律、发展探究

【摘要】:PISA测评尊重阅读现实,基于特定的理论模型开发测评,而其测评结果又反过来成为研究阅读素养发生、发展规律的重要依据。[60]因此,我们有必要借鉴PISA的阅读素养观,进一步反思、研究和完善我国阅读素养观、语文素养观。

“素养”概念于我们而言并不陌生。2001年颁布的《全日制义务教育语文课程标准(实验稿)》和2003年颁布的《普通高中语文课程标准(实验)》中已经明确提出了“语文素养”概念,指明“语文课程应致力于学生语文素养的形成与发展”,应“全面提高学生的语文素养”。然而“‘语文素养’的具体内涵是什么?十多年的实践已经证明,一线教师并不明确,更谈不上如何把握和进行评价了”[59]。造成这种现象的原因有许多,其中之一是我们关于语文素养的研究路径和研究结果还有待完善。

前文所述PISA阅读素养观的三个基本特征,恰巧是我国阅读能力、阅读素养研究和结果表达中有所忽视或强调不足的。我们不仅可以借此反思我们的阅读素养观,也可就此思考开去,探讨阅读基础研究、语文课程体系各个方面的问题。

(一)改进起点假设和研究方法保证阅读素养观的现实意义

借鉴PISA阅读测评,我国阅读基础研究可能需要关注两个问题。

其一,要在重视语文素养整体性和丰富性的基础上作出前提假设。以PISA多维立体的阅读素养框架为参照,反观我国已有的阅读能力研究成果,可见目前我国的此类成果以要素说居多,其间罗列的若干要素似乎都与阅读素养相关,但这些要素或者维度不明,或消解了阅读本身的丰富性、复杂性、动态性,对实践的指导意义较弱。因此,在我国阅读素养观的研究和结果表达中,需要适当还原阅读的发生、发展机制,让研究假设和结果符合逻辑与现实情况。

其二,研究过程要尊重阅读经验,更要加强实证研究。PISA测评尊重阅读现实,基于特定的理论模型开发测评,而其测评结果又反过来成为研究阅读素养发生、发展规律的重要依据。经济合作与发展组织根据PISA测评结果所发布的系列研究报告,为后续的阅读素养研究和培养给出了积极的建议。实证研究既能提高阅读基础研究的科学性,又利于将理论研究和阅读教学实践紧密关联起来。

(二)课程体系诸层面由关注阅读结果转向关注阅读过程和主体

我国目前的语文阅读教学实践和测评,基本还是结果取向的,即更关注文本解读、细读结果。PISA阅读测评中所重视的阅读投入度和阅读主体对自身阅读过程和任务的管理能力等,在我国阅读教学中还未得到足够关注;阅读主体对文本的反思和评价活动还需要给出更多的空间。对阅读主体、阅读过程的关注,需要在课堂形态、任务设计、评价标准各个层面共同推进。课堂形态层面,教师可以通过教学环节和活动设计,让学生成为真正的言语主体;教材、课堂和测评语境中的任务设计,可以更开放,允许和鼓励学生对文本进行真正意义上的“反思”和“评价”,而不是作出在预设价值取向之下的阐释;评价标准,需要更关注学生的思考过程、逻辑,而不是确定性结论。

(三)语文学习自然融入技术且关注技术运用背后的语文问题

目前我国语文课程层面是积极鼓励合理运用信息技术的。不过,从“计算机辅助教学”到“信息技术与课程整合”,再到“信息技术与课程融合”,信息技术进入我国教育领域的所有阶段,主推者是技术研究和开发者。学科教学领域,尤其是语文教育领域的相关意识相对滞后,更缺乏明确的、站在语文学科立场的系统思考。而PISA在考虑技术时,有着高度的学科领域意识。譬如就阅读而言,PISA全面关注技术可能对阅读产生的方方面面的影响,深度关注技术对阅读认知过程、阅读策略产生的影响。因此,我们不仅要有开放的意识接纳信息技术,而且要思考信息技术对于语文听说读写究竟有何意义。在这方面,国外诸多国家的母语课程标准中会分年级或学段,从听说读写各个角度,提出信息技术融入母语课程的专门方式和注意点,由此让信息技术与语文课程的融合更加富有意义,取得更加积极的成效。我国新颁布的《普通高中语文课程标准(2017年版)》提出了“跨媒介阅读与交流”任务群,是在这一方向上迈出的重要而有意义的一步。

正如国际《阅读和写作评估标准》中所言:“可靠的教育实践基于重视读写复杂性的课程、维护读写复杂性的教学,以及充分反映读写复杂性的评估。”[60]因此,我们有必要借鉴PISA的阅读素养观,进一步反思、研究和完善我国阅读素养观、语文素养观。

【注释】

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