首页 理论教育金字塔·不朽之宫:古埃及文明中的永生之谜

金字塔·不朽之宫:古埃及文明中的永生之谜

【摘要】:FUNERARY BELIEFS在古埃及,人们相信死后还有来生。在埃及传说中,太阳在日落时被努特女神吞下,第二天早上又重获新生。为了在来生能够愉快地生活,法老及达官贵人们将大量财富和人力倾注于修建宏伟的陵墓;各式各样的陪葬品被放置于墓室以供给亡者在另一个世界的吃穿用度;用防腐剂、香料保存尸体,使逝者的骸骨千年不朽;在石棺内放入《亡灵书》及各式护身符,与陪葬品上的魔法咒语一起,帮助亡者在阴间跨越所有阻碍,获得永生……

FUNERARY BELIEFS

在古埃及,人们相信死后还有来生。然而逝者的命运并非完全相同:法老会升入天堂成为一颗星星,正如众神那样;其他人则会进入一个平行的世界,继续人世间的生活。亡者的世界由奥西里斯神统治,位于西方,也就是太阳落山的方向。正因如此,墓群通常位于尼罗河的西岸,城市则位于东岸。在埃及传说中,太阳在日落时被努特女神吞下,第二天早上又重获新生。这与逝者进入雅卢(古埃及天国乐园)前必须完成的艰难旅程如出一辙。

为了在来生能够愉快地生活,法老及达官贵人们将大量财富和人力倾注于修建宏伟的陵墓;各式各样的陪葬品被放置于墓室以供给亡者在另一个世界的吃穿用度;用防腐剂、香料保存尸体,使逝者的骸骨千年不朽;在石棺内放入《亡灵书》及各式护身符,与陪葬品上的魔法咒语一起,帮助亡者在阴间跨越所有阻碍,获得永生……

Belief in life after death in ancient Egypt was closely linked to the need to preserve the body of the deceased.For this purpose a complex embalming process was developed, which has allowed many corpses to be preserved until the present.The destiny of the dead was not the same for all.The Pharaoh entered a celestial afterlife.He ascended to the sky and became a star among the other gods.The common people were destined to a parallel world where they lived a life very like the one they had led on earth.

The kingdom of the dead, ruled by the god Osiris, was believed to lie in the west, where the sun set.This is why the necropolises were situated on the west bank of the Nile, while the cities were on the east bank.The Egyptians believed that goddess Nut swallowed the sun every day at sunset and gave birth to it again in the morning.This image, together with the dangers that the sun had to face, was associated with the idea of the troubled journey that the dead had to take to reach the fields of Iaru.The Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead, along with many other magical formulas written on the burial equipment, were supposed to help the dead in this effort and ensure they attained eternal life.

拉美西斯二世神殿

孔苏金字塔

石灰石

第十九王朝(前1295—前1186)

高64.4厘米,底长45.1厘米,底宽37.8厘米

德尔麦迪那

贝尔纳尔迪·德罗韦蒂于1824年购买

这个建筑元素被称为小金字塔。金字塔的锥尖部分是石灰石材质,以凹雕刻手法描绘了各种人物。在新王朝时期(前1550—前1295)坟墓的墓室之上是由天然砖石搭建的金字塔。在德尔麦迪那墓群,也就是帝王谷与王后谷的工人居住的村庄,就有很多同种类型的金字塔。这件展品正是来自这个墓群,很明显它的主人是孔苏神。

金字塔——最具标志性的建筑元素之一,引用了吉萨金字塔的几何学并根据四个方位而置:最重要的方向是东边,表达了对太阳神的崇拜,而此处的代表人物则是凯布利神(圣甲虫神),是太阳升起的象征;西边是地平线的象征,其标志为鹰头神拉—哈拉提,也就是太阳神与“地平线的荷鲁斯”的联合体;鹰爪前面是“西方美人”女神,墓地的主人、蛇的化身;另外两边是坟墓的主人以及他的亲属,呈下跪状以示对太阳的崇拜,而在这里太阳神是乘船在天空中翱翔的阿图姆神的化身。