性格特质模型的研究结果

作为引导个体行为的一种关键的心理机制^[187]，性格特质被定义为人们特有的思想、情感与行为的模式，它不因时间和环境的变化而变化，具有持续性和稳定性，可用于区分人与人之间的不同^[188]。目前，五大性格特质模型是测量人们性格特质最常用的模型。该模型认为大多数人在性格上的差异可以分为五大类域^[189]，即外向、随和、开放、尽责和情绪。

根据McCrae和Costa^[190]以及Peeters等^[191]的研究，外向表示一个人开朗和健谈的程度，性格外向的人与诸如善于交际、合群、自信和积极主动的行为相关，他们喜欢冒险和社交，性格直率，健谈开朗；而内向的人则较为安静、矜持和害羞。^[192][193]随和表示一个人友善的程度，随和的人的行为表现有礼貌、灵活、信任、善良、热情、宽厚、富有同情心等。^[194][195]开放是指一个人创造性和好奇的程度，表示人们享受新体验和兴趣广泛的倾向。^[196]开放性水平较高的人通常有广泛的兴趣，追求新奇，心胸开阔，聪明，具有原创性；而开放性水平较低的人则偏好熟悉的和习惯性的事物。^[197]尽责反映一个人是自律的、可靠的、关注细节的、有计划的、勤奋的、成就导向的以及持之以恒的程度^[198]，是对目标导向行为和控制冲动程度的测量^[199]。尽责性水平较高的人通常倾向于设定实质性目标、行为上尽职尽责、讲求道义、条理清晰、勤奋努力、有强烈的成就需求并表现为目标激励型行为，而且成就导向和有计划的行为会促使人们寻找必要的信息来实现目标；而尽责性水平较低的人往往比较粗心而且容易改变立场。^{[200][201][202]}情绪表示一个人处于情绪不稳定的状态、悲观以及自尊心低落的程度^[203][204]，是对人的情感和情绪控制的测量，与诸如焦虑、抑郁、愤怒、尴尬、不安之类的行为相关。情绪性处于高水平时，人们较为敏感、紧张和焦虑，缺乏安全感，有担心的倾向，特别容易受潜在损失和风险的困扰，也不太可能接受新事物；而当情绪性处于低水平时，人们较为冷静，能很好地控制情绪，此时，人的情绪具有稳定性。^{[205][206][207]}这些特征反映了人类性格特征的基本方面，Heinström^[208]认为人们在性格特征上有不同的水平变化，即各个维度描述的是两个极端值之间的连续变化。

个体的不同性格特征决定他们的在线行为^[209]。五大类性格特质模型已被普遍应用于社会化媒体和信息行为等各种情境的研究中，如，Jadin等^[210]研究虚拟的开放内容社区中性格特征对知识共享的影响。性格开放的用户倾向于更多地使用Facebook^[211]。Jenkins-Guarnieri等^[212]指出外向与使用Facebook之间存在正向关联。Sin和Kim^[213]分析留学生的日常生活信息需求、使用社交网络搜寻信息的情况，以及人口统计学特征、性格特征、社交网络使用和获取日常生活信息的有用性之间的关系。Özgüven和Mucan^[214]调查虚拟社区与用户性格因素之间的关系，发现尽责和开放是影响用户使用虚拟社区的重要因素。Heinström^[215]的研究发现信息行为与性格特征的五个维度都有联系。Heinström^[216]从心理学角度研究信息行为，将信息搜寻与性格特征、学习方式相联系，根据性格特征的不同组合确定了3种独特的信息搜寻模式。此外，Heinström^[217]研究信息搜寻模式与性格特征之间的关系，发现具有深度的策略性学习方法的尽责型性格的学生会专注于优质信息的精确搜索。

【注释】

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