首页 理论教育美国女子监狱制度:社会多方支持的研究成果

美国女子监狱制度:社会多方支持的研究成果

【摘要】:参与调查的受刑人表示,监狱里急缺经过培训的导师,课程数量也极少。美国宾夕法尼亚州实施的第二次机会佩尔助学金实验计划就是一个非常典型的例子,本书将以该项目计划为例,说明美国女子监狱与社会组织的合作。35岁的奥敦,因为抢劫和殴打他人被关押3年。为受刑人恢复佩尔助学金的倡导人士表示,恢复助学金是为了人道,也是为了财政。

反对强制最低量刑家庭组织(Families Against Mandatory Min⁃imums,FAMM)曾发布一份报告,揭露了联邦监狱系统里的教育情况。参与调查的受刑人表示,监狱里急缺经过培训的导师,课程数量也极少。调查发现,几乎所有继续教育课程都是由几乎无上课经验的受刑人来开课。工作技能项目只开放给即将出狱的受刑人,大学课程则过于昂贵,只能从监狱工作里赚几个钱的受刑人根本无力承受。因此,为了增加女性受刑人与社会的联系,也为了吸收更多的社会力量参与对女性受刑人的矫治,以弥补女子监狱内部人力和资源上的不足,越来越多的女子监狱开始与社会合作实施矫治计划。

美国宾夕法尼亚州实施的第二次机会佩尔助学金实验计划就是一个非常典型的例子,本书将以该项目计划为例,说明美国女子监狱与社会组织的合作。位于宾夕法尼亚州中部的The State Correctional Institution at Muncy(SCI)并不是一所教育机构,而是州立女子监狱。但是,在SCI中央有一栋有着白色钟楼并挂有美国国旗的庄严石质建筑。“在建筑的教室内,五名学生正在积极地辩论民事监护对鸦片成瘾者的好处。如果忽略教学楼屋顶下的铁丝网,和围绕着建筑的高大栅栏的话,这看起来就像是一所女子大学。”[43]这所女子监狱是联邦狱政改革的一部分,目的是为受刑人提供免费的大学教育,以测试是否能改善其在监狱内的行为,并增加她们出狱后找到工作的可能性,以降低再犯率。超过60所大学和7000名犯人参加了这个实验项目,而且这是20多年来,首次向联邦和州立受刑人开放佩尔助学金(Pell Grant)。对于在上批判性思考这门课的一些女性来说,鸦片成瘾不仅仅只是一门学科议题,也是一个很私人的问题。所以,当宾州布鲁姆斯堡大学的哲学教授温迪·李问她们,是否应该允许国家强制关押成瘾者90天时,女性受刑人表达出了矛盾的意见。35岁的奥敦(应国家惩教署的要求,受刑人的姓氏经过处理),因为抢劫和殴打他人被关押3年。她表示:“90天远远不够,我花了3年的时间来远离鸦片,才让我终于想戒掉它。”老师称呼她的学生为“女士们”,并希望她的课能够让她们具备批判性思考的能力,使她们能在出狱后作出更好的选择。她还有一个更远大的目标:如果这个试验项目成功了,就可以用来说服国会解除佩尔助学金对受刑人的限制。[44]参与试验的教授们表示在监狱教学的经验是他们职业生涯中最有价值的经验之一。他们说监狱班里的学生比在校园里的新生们更有动力和参与力,她们渴望学习,而且珍惜她们获得的机会。已经努力学习而获得人事服务副学士学位的奥敦说,在监狱中上大学“帮助我回忆起在外面生活是什么样的感觉,而且我还可以再试一次”。“对我来说”,她眼眶泛泪的说,“那就是一切。”[45]但是,让国家资助受刑人参与高等教育,是否值得?这是这个试验想得到的答案。为受刑人恢复佩尔助学金的倡导人士表示,恢复助学金是为了人道,也是为了财政。他们指出,2014年兰德公司(RANDCorporation)的一项研究发现,每花1美元在惩戒教育上,便会节省5美元监禁累犯的费用。[46]由此看来,这项社会和监狱合作的模式,不仅仅可以节省成本,还会带来更好的矫治效果,更有利于受刑人的社会复归。

【注释】

[1]参见韩阳:《女性犯罪及监禁处遇》,中国法制出版社2017年版,第173页。

[2]SeeWendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[3]See Wendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[4]SeeWendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[5]See Marian S.Harris,“When Parents Commit A Crime,It's Their KidsWho Do The Time”,https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/opinion-harris-parents-prison_us_5a6a2cf5e4b0ddb658c49481.

[6]See Marian S.Harris,“When Parents Commit A Crime,It's Their KidsWho Do The Time”,https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/opinion-harris-parents-prison_us_5a6a2cf5e4b0ddb658c49481.

[7]SeeWendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[8]See Alyssa Benedict,Gender Responsive Approaches with Women:Improve Out⁃comes-Reduce Recidivism Transform Corrections,Illinois State Commission on Criminal Justice&Sentencing Reform,2016.

[9]See A.Pardue,B.A.Arrigo,D.S.Murphy,“Sex and Sexuality in Women's Prisons:A Preliminary Tyological Investigation”,91 The Prison Journal,2011(3),pp.279~304.

[10]参见陈祖辉:“被压抑的性:对女受刑人性议题之研究”,载《犯罪矫正协会会刊》2017年第2期。

[11]See Josephine Yurcaba,“For Survivors of Prison Rape,Saying‘Me Too’Isn't an Option”,https://rewire.news/article/2018/01/08/survivors-prison-rape-saying-isntoption.

[12]See Daniel Simmons-Ritchie,“7Outof10Women in Pa's Prisons are Mentally Ill;Why?”,http://www.pennlive.com/news/2015/11/mentally_ill_women_pennsylvani.html.

[13]See Daniel Simmons-Ritchie,“7Outof10Women in Pa's Prisons are Mentally Ill;Why?”,http://www.pennlive.com/news/2015/11/mentally_ill_women_pennsylvani.html.

[14]SeeWendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[15]See Alexa Garcia-Ditta,“The Shameful Truth About How PregnantWomen are Treated in Texas County Jails”,http://www.texasobserver.org/pregnant-inmates-treatedtexas-county-jail.

[16]See“Pregnant and Incarcerated:New York City's Prison Nurseries”,http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2015/05/pregnant-and-incarcerated-new-york-citys-prisonnurseries.

[17]参见韩阳:《女性犯罪及监禁处遇》,中国法制出版社2017年版,第179~181页。

[18]See The Sentencing Project,The Changing Racial Dynamics ofWomen's Incar⁃ceration,2015.

[19]See Wendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[20]SeeWendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[21]See Wendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[22]See The Sentencing Project,The Changing Racial Dynamics ofWomen's Incar⁃ceration,2015.

[23]See Elizabeth Swavola,Kristine Riley,Ram Subramanian,“Overlooked:Women and Jails in an Era of Reform”,Vara Institute of Justice,2017.

[24]See Elizabeth Swavola,Kristine Riley,Ram Subramanian,“Overlooked:Women and Jails in an Era of Reform”,Vara Institute of Justice,2017.

[25]SeeWendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[26]See Barbara Bloom,Stephanie Covington,“Addressing the Mental Health Needs ofWomen Offenders”,In R.Gido and L.Dalley(eds.),Women's Mental Health Issues Across the Criminal Justice System,Prentice Hall,2008,pp.160~176.

[27]See BeckiNey,Rachelle Ramirez,Dr.Marylyn Van Dieten(eds.),Ten Truths ThatMatterWhen Working With Justice Involved Women,National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women,2012.

[28]See Wendy Sawyer,The Gender Divide:Tracking Women's State Prison Growth,Prison Policy Inititive,2018.

[29]See Barbara Bloom,Stephanie Covington,“Addressing the Mental Health Needs ofWomen Offenders”,In R.Gido,L.Dalley(eds.),Women'sMental Health Issues Across the Criminal Justice System,Prentice Hall,2008,pp.160~176.

[30]See Amie Newman,“The Road to Prison is Paved with Trauma forWomen and Girls”,https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/2016/04/the-road-to-prison-is-pavedwith-trauma-for-women-and-girls/.

[31]See Cameron Dodd,“Bill Aims to Put MoreWomen's Hygiene Products in Mar⁃yland Prisons”,https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/crime_and_justice/prison/bill-aims-to-put-more-women-s-hygiene-products-in/article_f86923ba-af25-5c7bb2cf-682822442581.htm l.

[32]See Savannah Eadens,Metro Reporter,“New Law Addresses Gender,Trauma in Women's Prisons”,http://www.columbiachronicle.com/metro/article_127fcef8-02f6-11e8-8699-fb42afb680ac.html.

[33]See Josephine Yurcaba,“For Survivors of Prison Rape,Saying‘Me Too’Isn't an Option”,https://rewire.news/article/2018/01/08/survivors-prison-rape-saying-isntoption.

[34]See Khala James,“Upholding the Dignity of Incarcerated Women”,https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/news/2017/12/22/444468/upholding-dignityincarcerated-women.

[35]See Michael Alison Chandler,“The Once-whispered Topic of Women's Men⁃struation Now Has Political Cachet”,https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/socialissues/the-once-whispered-topic-of-womens-menstruation-now-has-political-cachet/2017/08/07/cdeae46e-68a2-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html?utm_term=.4b53d130c887.

[36]See Michael Alison Chandler,“The Once-whispered Topic of Women's Men⁃struation Now Has Political Cachet”,https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/socialissues/the-once-whispered-topic-of-womens-menstruation-now-has-political-cachet/2017/08/07/cdeae46e-68a2-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html?utm_term=.4b53d130c887.

[37]See Austill Stuart,“New Zealand's Recidivism-Focused Private Prison Contracts a Model for States”,https://reason.org/commentary/new-zealands-recidivism-focusedprivate-prison-contracts-a-model-for-states.

[38]See“Reproductive Health Care for Incarcerated Women and Adolescent Fe⁃males”,https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/Reproductive-Health-Care-for-In⁃carcerated-Women-and-Adolescent-Females.

[39]See“Mothers and Infants Nurturing Together Program”,http://www.voatx.org/mint.

[40]See Derek Hawkins Tenn,“Judge Reprimanded for Offering Reduced Jail Time in Exchange for Sterilization”,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/11/21/tenn-judge-reprimanded-for-offering-reduced-jail-time-in-exchange-forsterilization/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.1099f10b525f.

[41]See Simon Montlake,“‘Bad Moms’orWomen in Need of Help?Oklahoma Re⁃thinks View of Female Inmates”,https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2017/1120/Badmoms-or-women-in-need-of-help-Oklahoma-rethinks-view-of-female-inmates.

[42]See Simon Montlake,“‘Bad Moms’orWomen in Need of Help?Oklahoma Re⁃thinks View of Female Inmates”,https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2017/1120/Badmoms-or-women-in-need-of-help-Oklahoma-rethinks-view-of-female-inmates.

[43]参见驻芝加哥办事处教育组:“大学教育是否能解决美国的监狱危机?”,载《高等教育纪事报》2017年12月28日。

[44]参见驻芝加哥办事处教育组:“大学教育是否能解决美国的监狱危机?”,载《高等教育纪事报》2017年12月28日。

[45]参见驻芝加哥办事处教育组:“大学教育是否能解决美国的监狱危机?”,载《高等教育纪事报》2017年12月28日。

[46]参见驻芝加哥办事处教育组:“大学教育是否能解决美国的监狱危机?”,载《高等教育纪事报》2017年12月28日。