首页 理论教育美国变性受刑人安置:男女监狱存在性侵风险

美国变性受刑人安置:男女监狱存在性侵风险

【摘要】:美国对于变性受刑人的安置并没有统一的法令规定,存在安置于男子监狱的情况,也存在安置于女子监狱的情况。例如,由男性变为女性的受刑人被安置于男子监狱并无不妥,毕竟其仍是生物学意义上的男性,美国不少本来是男性的变性人也是被安置在男子监狱,但是由于其外在生理上的女性化,会导致针对变性人的性侵发生频率更高。例如,由男性转变为女性的受刑人具有女性外部性征。

变性人是一种极为个别的情况,但是其已经存在。因此,在特殊情况下,女子监狱中还可能会存在变性受刑人(transgen⁃der),这种可能性是男性通过变性手术变成女性受刑人或者女性通过变性手术变成男性受刑人。但是,这种变性并不是完全彻底的变性,虽然通过手术可以将胡子、乳房、外部生殖器等进行改变,但是并不能改变DNA或者内部生殖器,所以变性人在生物学意义上应该还是变性之前的性别,可是其在外貌、生理等方面已经变为另一性别。目前,对变性人的安置成了一个比较麻烦的问题。美国对于变性受刑人的安置并没有统一的法令规定,存在安置于男子监狱的情况,也存在安置于女子监狱的情况。

从生物学意义上讲,按照生物学性别安置监狱无可厚非。例如,由男性变为女性的受刑人被安置于男子监狱并无不妥,毕竟其仍是生物学意义上的男性,美国不少本来是男性的变性人也是被安置在男子监狱,但是由于其外在生理上的女性化,会导致针对变性人的性侵发生频率更高。例如,2018年1月美国伊利诺伊州就有一个申请转移到女子监狱的案例:受刑人汉普顿(Hampton)是一名变性人,因为入室盗窃被判10年监禁,在监狱中,其经常受到狱警和其他受刑人针对性的性侵和虐待,因此申请转往女子监狱。[82]

但是,从外在生理上讲,将这类人群安置到转变后的性别监狱也说得过去。例如,由男性转变为女性的受刑人具有女性外部性征。但是,这种安置也存在风险,例如这类受刑人生物意义上是男性,其在女子监狱中可能会与女性受刑人发生关系,美国曾经发生过男性强奸犯变性后被安置在女子监狱,但是这名变性人与其中的女性受刑人发生性关系的案例。[83]

【注释】

[1]参见韩阳:《女性犯罪及监禁处遇》,中国法制出版社2017年版,第258页。

[2]Victoria Law,“Reproductive Health Care in Women's Prisons‘Painful’and‘Traumatic’”,http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29660-reproductive-health-carein-women-s-prisons-painful-and-traumatic.

[3]See Victoria Law,“Reproductive Health Care in Women's Prisons‘Painful’and‘Traumatic’”,http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29660-reproductive-health-carein-women-s-prisons-painful-and-traumatic.

[4]详细的规定参见华盛顿州立监狱局的规定,State of Washington DOC No.440.080:Hygiene and Grooming for Offenders,http://www.doc.wa.gov/information/policies/files/440080.pdf,2018年1月4日访问。

[5]See State ofWashington DOC No.440.080:Hygiene and Grooming for Offend⁃ers,http://www.doc.wa.gov/information/policies/files/440080.pdf.

[6]See BOP,Provision of Feminine Hygiene Products,2017.

[7]See Michael Alison Chandler,“The Once-whispered Topic of Women's Men⁃struation Now has Political Cachet”,https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/the-once-whispered-topic-of-womens-menstruation-now-has-political-cachet/2017/08/07/cdeae46e-68a2-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html?utm_term=.4b53d130c887.

[8]See Melissa Jeltsen,“Providing Free Pads And Tampons To Incarcerated Women Is AboutMore Than Hygiene”,https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-prisonsperiods_us_576bfcade4b0b489bb0c901b.

[9]See Mattie Quinn,“New Federal Tampons Rule Follows States and Cities'Flow”,http://www.governing.com/topics/public-justice-safety/gov-tampons-pads-prisonsstates-federal.html.

[10]See State ofWashington DOC No.440.080:Hygiene and Grooming for Offenders,http://www.doc.wa.gov/information/policies/files/440080.pdf.

[11]See Mattie Quinn,“New Federal Tampons Rule Follows States and Cities'Flow”,http://www.governing.com/topics/public-justice-safety/gov-tampons-pads-prisonsstates-federal.html.

[12]See Michael Alison Chandler,“The Once-whispered Topic ofWomen'sMenstrua⁃tion Now has Political Cachet”,https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/theonce-whispered-topic-of-womens-menstruation-now-has-political-cachet/2017/08/07/cdeae 46e-68a2-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html?utm_term=.4b53d130c887.

[13]See BOP Program Statement No.6070.05,Birth Control,Pregnancy,Child Placement and Abortion,1996.

[14]SeeW.J.Sabol,T.D.Minton,Prison and Jail InmatesatMidyear2006,U.S.Department of Justice,2007.

[15]See BOP Program Statement No.6070.05,Birth Control,Pregnancy,Child Placement and Abortion,1996.

[16]See Mary Bosworth(ed.),“Encyclopedia of Prions and Correctional Facilities”,Volume II,Thousand Oaks,Sage Publications,Inc.2005,pp.1047~1050.

[17]See BOPProgram Statement No.6070.05,Birth Control,Pregnancy,Child Place⁃ment and Abortion,1996.

[18]See Mary Bosworth(ed.),“Encyclopedia of Prions and Correctional Facilities”,Volume II,Thousand Oaks,Sage Publications,Inc.2005,pp.1047~1050.

[19]参见韩阳:《女性犯罪及监禁处遇》,中国法制出版社2017年版,第288页。

[20]See“NationalWomen's Law Center”,Mothers Behind Bars:Statesare Failing,2010.

[21]此部分统计结果来源于韩阳教授。具体参见韩阳:《女性犯罪及监禁处遇》,中国法制出版社2017年版,第288页。

[22]See BOP Program Statement No.6070.05,Birth Control,Pregnancy,Child Placement and Abortion,1996.

[23]See BOP Program Statement No.6070.05,Birth Control,Pregnancy,Child Placement and Abortion,1996.

[24]See BOP Program Statement No.6070.05,Birth Control,Pregnancy,Child Placement and Abortion,1996.

[25]参见韩阳:《女性犯罪及监禁处遇》,中国法制出版社2017年版,第286~287页。

[26]See Rebecca Grant,“Abortion Behind Bars:Terminating a Pregnancy in Prison Can be Next to Impossible”,https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/3kp9b5/abortion-behindbars-terminating-a-pregnancy-in-prison-can-be-next-to-impossible.

[27]尽管这部分矫治服务并不完善(参见本书后面章节的讨论),缺少充足的矫治措施,甚至使得这部分已经受到伤害的受刑人再次受到伤害,但是类似的服务已经开始逐步建立。

[28]See The Sentencing Project,Women in the Criminal Justice System,2007.

[29]此处数据参见韩阳:《女性犯罪及监禁处遇》,中国法制出版社2017年版,第270页。

[30]See Inmate Handbook of FPC Alderson,2014.

[31]不过根据调查,内布拉斯加州监狱针对女性受刑人的精神健康服务非常缺乏。See The ACLU of Nebraska,Nebraska Women in Prison,2017.

[32]See“Fed.Bureau of Prisons Secure Female Facility Hazelton”,Inmate Informa⁃tion Handbook,2011.

[33]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[34]See“U.S.Dep't of Justice,FY 2016 Budget Request,Prisons and Detention”,http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/jmd/pages/attachments/2015/01/30/4._pri sons_and_detention_fact_sheet.pdf.

[35]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[36]See“Correctional Association of New York”,http://www.correctionalassoc-ia⁃ton.orgissue/domestic-violence.

[37]See The ACLU of Nebraska,NebraskaWomen in Prison,2017.

[38]See The ACLU of Nebraska,NebraskaWomen in Prison,2017.

[39]See Rachel Leah,“86 Percent ofWomen in Jail are Sexual-violence Survivors”,https://www.salon.com/2017/11/11/86-percent-of-women-in-jail-are-sexual-violencesurvivors/#.Wgm6i-_Thko.facebook.

[40]See Liji Thomas,“Prisoner Post Traumatic Stress”,https://www.news-medi⁃cal.net/health/Prisoner-Post-Traumatic-Stress.aspx.

[41]See Marisa Taylor,“A New Way to TreatWomen's Mental Health in Prison”,http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/2015/7/women-in-prison-find-commonground-in-trauma.html.

[42]See Marisa Taylor,“A New Way to TreatWomen's Mental Health in Prison”,http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/2015/7/women-in-prison-find-commonground-in-trauma.html.

[43]See Mary Bosworth(ed.),“Encyclopedia of Prions and Correctional Facilities”,Volume II,Thousand Oaks,Sage Publications,Inc.2005,pp.610~614.

[44]See Mary Bosworth(ed.),“Encyclopedia of Prions and Correctional Facilities”,Volume II,Thousand Oaks,Sage Publications,Inc.2005,pp.610~614.

[45]See Mary Bosworth(ed.),“Encyclopedia of Prions and Correctional Facilities”,Volume II,Thousand Oaks,Sage Publications,Inc.2005,pp.610~614.

[46]See Mary Bosworth(ed.),“Encyclopedia of Prions and Correctional Facilities”,Volume II,Thousand Oaks,Sage Publications,Inc.2005,pp.610~614.

[47]该项目具体内容参见其官方网站:http://prisondoulas.blogspot.com,2017年9月16日访问。

[48]该项目具体内容参见其官方网站:http://www.realityworks.com,2017年9月16日访问。

[49]See Jerry Bednarowski,Prison-Parenting-Programs,Correctional Education Association-Wisconsin,2016.

[50]See Jerry Bednarowski,Prison-Parenting-Programs,Correctional Education Association-Wisconsin,2016.

[51]See“Transitioning Offenders Program,Parenting in Prison”,http://www.topwa.org/parentinginprison.pdf.

[52]See BOP Program Statement No.6070.05,Birth Control,Pregnancy,Child Placement and Abortion,1996.

[53]See Sarsh Yager,Prison Born,The Atlantic,2015(8).

[54]此部分内容我国监狱学者李莉娟博士有更详细介绍,可参见李莉娟:“‘狱’婴室——母职受刑人之挣扎与矛盾”,载《犯罪矫正学会会刊》2018年第1期。

[55]See Denise Johnston,“Child Custody IssuesofWomen Prisoners:A Preliminary Report from the Chicas Project”,75 The Prison Journal,1995(2),pp.230~239,222~224.

[56]有学者认为,不仅仅是出自为子女最佳利益之考量,同时也包含着社会对于双亲角色之期待与亲子关系重建可能性的不同,虽美国与我国国情不同、监禁制度亦不尽相同,但相同的是受刑人入监后皆有监护、教养子女问题以及携子入监之需求,如何确实将制度修改以利贴近现实状况,为我国、亦为他国狱政单位所不可忽视之环节。参见李莉娟:“‘狱’婴室——母职受刑人之挣扎与矛盾”,载《犯罪矫正学会会刊》2018年第1期。

[57]See Sarsh Yager,“Prison Born”,The Atlantic,2015(8).

[58]See Dave Ghose,“Nursery Program Aids Jailed Moms in Four States”,Stateli⁃ne.org.2002-09-24;俄亥俄州女子监狱的一般介绍可以参见https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Reformatory_for_Women,2018年1月17日访问。

[59]See Dave Ghose,“Nursery Program Aids Jailed Moms in Four States”,Stateli⁃ne.org.2002-09-24.

[60]关于此部分内容参见本书第三章的分析。

[61]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[62]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[63]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[64]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[65]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[66]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[67]具体参见二次机会呼吁组织(Voices for a Second Chance)官方网站(ht⁃tps://www.vscdc.org)的介绍。

[68]See“D.C.Women in Prison:Continuing Problems and Recommendations for Change”,Washington Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights&Urban Affairs,2016.

[69]甚至教育培训或者职业培训也无法接受。

[70]See Fed.Det.Ctr.,“Philadelphia,Pennsylvania”,Admission&Orientation In⁃mate Handbook,2009.

[71]See Inmate Handbook of FPC Alderson,2014.

[72]See Inmate Handbook of FPC Alderson,2014.

[73]See Inmate Handbook of FPC Alderson,2014.

[74]See Inmate Handbook of FPC Alderson,2014.

[75]See SCP Aliceville,Admissionand orientation handbook,2013.

[76]See FMC Lexington and SCPAtwood camp,Inmateadmission&orientation hand⁃book,2017.

[77]See KiDeuk Kim,Bryce Peterson,“Aging Behind Bars:Trends and Implica⁃tions of Graying Prisoners in the Federal Prison System”,Urban Institute,2014.

[78]但是,有少部分重罪的女性受刑人在个别州会被以成人刑事程序处理,最后安置在成人监狱。

[79]Francine T.Sherman,Annie Balck,“Gender Injustice:System-Level Juvenile Justice Reforms for Girls”,PublicWelfare Foundation,NoVo Foundation,and Boston Col⁃lege Law School,2015.

[80]See New Jersey Institute for Social Justice,“Bring Our Children Home:AIN'T I A CHILD?”,2015.

[81]数据来源:https://www.usimmigration.com/foreign-national-prison.html,2018年1月6日访问。

[82]See Michael Tarm,“Transgender Inmate Seeks Transfer to Female Prison After Claims of Abuse Involving Guards”,http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-transgender-inmate-transfer-20180105-story.html.

[83]See Liam Deacon,“Transgender Killer Moved Prison After Sex with Female In⁃mates”,http://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/02/06/biologically-male-transgenderedkiller-moved-female-prison-sex-inmates.